📖 PART 1: What is an Industry?

As paper made from pulp and cloth made from cotton have had value added to them at each stage of the manufacturing process, the finished product has more value and utility than the raw material it is made from.

🏭 PART 2: Classification of Industries

AI PROMPT FOR IMAGE: A colorful infographic dividing industries into Raw Material, Size, and Ownership. Show icons of a farm (Agro-based), a large steel factory building (Large Scale), and a handshake between government and private businessmen (Joint Sector). Highly engaging and clear.

Industries can be classified on the basis of raw materials, size, and ownership.

1. Based on Raw Materials

2. Based on Size

Size refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed, and the volume of production.

• Small Scale Industries (Cottage/Household): Products are manufactured by hand by artisans. They use less amount of capital and technology. Examples: Basket weaving, pottery, and other handicrafts.
• Large Scale Industries: Produce large volumes of products. Investment of capital is higher and the technology used is superior. Examples: Manufacture of automobiles and heavy machinery.

3. Based on Ownership

• Private Sector: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. (e.g., Reliance, Tata Steel).
• Public Sector: Owned and operated by the government. (e.g., Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Steel Authority of India Limited - SAIL).
• Joint Sector: Owned and operated jointly by the state and individuals (e.g., Maruti Udyog Limited).
• Co-operative Sector: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. (e.g., Anand Milk Union Limited - AMUL, Sudha Dairy).

📍 PART 3: Factors Affecting Location of Industries

The factors affecting the location of industries are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport, and market.

• Industries sit where some or all of these factors are easily available. Sometimes, the government provides incentives like subsidised power, lower transport cost, and other infrastructure so that industries may be located in backward areas facing low employment.
• Industrialisation often leads to the development and growth of towns and cities.

⚠️ PART 4: Industrial Disasters

⚙️ PART 5: Major Industries of the World

The world's major industries are the iron and steel industry, the textile industry, and the information technology (IT) industry. The first two are older, while IT is an emerging "sunrise" industry.

Iron and Steel Industry

AI PROMPT FOR IMAGE: A dramatic scene inside a massive Iron and Steel factory. A gigantic blast furnace pouring bright glowing molten iron, while workers in safety gear oversee the heavy machinery. Emphasises the immense heat and scale of the "feeder" industry.

This is a feeder industry whose products are used as raw materials for other industries. The inputs for the industry include raw materials such as iron ore, coal, and limestone, along with labour, capital, site, and infrastructure.

• Process: Iron ore is put in a blast furnace where it undergoes smelting. It is then refined into steel.
• Importance: Steel is tough and can easily be shaped, cut, or made into wire. Almost everything we use—ships, trains, trucks, safety pins—is either made of iron or steel, or made with tools of iron or steel. Therefore, the iron and steel industry is often called the backbone of modern industry.
• Major Centers: Germany, USA, China, Japan, Russia. Major centers in India include Bhilai, Durgapur, Burnpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro (primarily in the Chota Nagpur plateau region due to rich mineral resources). TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) in Jamshedpur was the pioneer in India (started in 1907).
• Pittsburgh: The steel city of the USA. It enjoys locational advantages as raw material (coal) is available locally, while iron ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota (via Great Lakes waterway).

Cotton Textile Industry

• The term ‘textile’ is derived from the Latin word texere which means to weave. Natural fibres (wool, silk, cotton, jute, flax) or man-made fibres (nylon, polyester, acrylic, rayon) are woven into cloth.
• Early History: Initially, textiles were a hand-spinning industry (charkha and looms). With the industrial revolution, power looms were introduced in Britain and then other parts of the world. Huge production centres emerged in India, China, Japan, and the USA.
• Ahmedabad (India): Known as the "Manchester of India". Located on the banks of Sabarmati river. Extremely favourable location due to proximity to the cotton-growing area of Gujarat/Maharashtra, ideal humid climate for spinning, and skilled labour. (Lately declining due to outdated machinery).
• Osaka (Japan): The "Manchester of Japan". Entirely dependent on imported raw materials. The humid climate is well suited for spinning. Finished products are mostly exported.